How to Help Students Remember What They Have Learned如何帮助学生增强记忆
By Steven J. Miller, eHow Contributor 翻译 小林
Every student learns slightly differently, but you can overcome the differences in student learning styles by creating lesson plans that offer something for each group. Make your lesson plans engaging and activity-based to ensure the lesson maintains the students' attention. By providing assessments and feedback, the students can concentrate on remembering important concepts.
尽管学生的学习水平参差不齐,但是教师可以将学生分组,通过设计教案,使程度不同的学生完成不同的教学任务,来克服这种差异性所造成的困难。老师要把教案设计得生动活泼,能调动学生积极性,并且始终吸引他们的注意力。通过评估和反馈,使学生得以全神贯注,记住重要的概念。
Questioning
Before coming into a topic, ask some information about it, so that you can establish a baseline of the they already know about a subject. This assessment helps you find the importance and details on what needs to be discussed and helps the student get an idea of what he should be knowledgeable about. As a conclusion, give each student five minutes to summarize the highlights of a subject. Ask some students to give a presentation on what he learn.
提问
开始进入正题前,提问学生相关信息,以此初步了解学生的知识水平。这项评估有助于你发现需要讨论的重点和细节,同时有助于学生了解将要学习什么知识。下课前,给全班学生五分钟,总结本课的重点。提问学生学到了什么。
Questions, building the foundation for critical thinking:提问,建立批判性思维的基础
Basic基础问题
Remember: 记忆类:
What are the facts? 事实有哪些要素?
Who? What? Where? When? How? 谁?什么?何地?何时?怎么样?
Understand: 理解类:
What do you know about the facts? 对此你知道些什么?
Can you explain …? 你能解释一下吗?
Describe what …? 描述或说明……是什么?
What does it mean …? ……是什么意思?
Give an example …? 举个例子?
Apply: 应用类:
How do the facts affect you?事实如何影响你?
How would you solve …? 你将如何解决?
What would result if …? 如果……会导致什么?
How would you use …? 你将如何使用……?
Analyze: 分析类:
What is the relationship between the fact?:事实之间有什么关联?
Why do you think …? 为什么你这样想?
What motive is there …? 有什么动机?
What can you conclude …? 你能得出什么结论?
Evaluate: 评价类:
Do you agree or disagree this facts?你是否同意此事?
Would it be better if …? 如果……岂不更好?
Why do you think that …? 为什么你这么想?
What would you recommend …? 你有什么建议吗?
Advanced高级问题
Create: 创造类:
How could you create / improve the facts?你如何创造或改进?
What it would be like if …? 如果……它会怎么样?
Can you elaborate on the reason …? 你能否解释一下原因?
What would happen if …? 如果……会发生什么?
Acronyms
Students should create and understand mnemonic devices to remember lists or groups of items. An acronym is a word whose letters are the first letters of other words. For example, take IT for information industry. This is faster and shorter to say then the long phrase. In science, the phrase, "Roy G. Biv" is used to remember the colors of the rainbow from darkest to lightest. Also you can replace the meaning of something for algebraic symbols, punctuation, numbers and letters. Seeing a part of the Acronyms list:
缩合记忆法
学生应当知道或者自创一些记忆法,将各种单词、公式、定义进行简化,以便记忆。比如缩略语,选取某个词条中各个单词的首字母,组成的大写词。例如,以IT代替information industry(信息产业)。这种缩写比短语更快,更简洁,容易上口。在科学中,"Roy G. Biv"是用来记忆彩虹由深到浅的七种颜色。你也可以用数学符号,标点符号,数字和字母来表达某些事物的含义。如下所示一些缩略语:
MKT: market(拿掉所有元音)
INFO: information(保留前几个字母)
WK: week(保留开头和结尾个发音字母)
R: are(根据发音)
∴=therefore
∵=because
<less than
&=and
W/=with
WTO (World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织
ATM (Automated Teller Machine) 自动取款(出纳)机
CBD (Central Business District) 中央商务区
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) 国内生产总值
GNP (Gross National Product) 国民生产总值
ITS (Intelligent Transportation System) 智能交通系统
NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation) 纳斯达克,<美>全国证券交易商自动报价系统协会
CEO (Chief Executive Officer) 首席执行官
MBA (Master of Business Administration) 工商管理硕士
CET (College English Test) 大学英语等级考试
GRE (Graduate Record Examination) 美国研究生入学考试
PETS (Public English Test System) 全国英语等级考试
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ) 获得性免疫功能丧失综合症,即艾滋病
API (Air Pollution Index) 空气污染指数
DVD (Digital Video Disc) 数字化视频光盘
EMS (Express Mail Service) 邮政特快专递
EQ (Emotional Quotient) 情商
IQ (Intelligence Quotient) 智商
IT (Information Technology) 信息技术
OA (Office Automation) 办公自动化
OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) 原始设备制造商
PC (Personal Computer)个人计算机
PT (Particular Transfer) 特别转让
SOHO (Small Office Home Office) 小型家居办公室
SOS (Save Our Souls; radio signal once used universally to appeal for help esp. by a ship or boat; urgent request for help from sb. in trouble) 国际上曾通用的紧急呼救信号,也用于一般的求救或求助
ST (Special Treatment) 特别处理
VIP (Very Important Person) 要人
VOD (Video on Demand) 视频点播
WWW (World Wide Web) 万维网
BTW By the way 随便说一下
BBL Be back later 稍后回来
BRB Be right back 很快回来
CU See you 再见
IMO In my opinion 依我所见
IOW In other words 换句话说
LOL laughing out loudly 大声笑
NRN No reply necessary 不必回信
OIC Oh, I see 哦,我知道
PEM Privacy enhanced mail 保密邮件
RSVP Reply if you please 请答复
TY Thank you 谢谢
VG very good 很好
ACT(Action,动作类游戏)
ARPG(Action Role Play Game,动作角色扮演游戏)
AVG(Adventure Game,冒险类游戏)
MAC(Macintosh,苹果电脑)
DOZ/DZ (dozen)一打
PKG (package)一包,一捆,一扎,一件等
WT (weight)重量
G.W. (gross weight)毛重
N.W. (net weight)净重
MAX (maximum)最大的、的最大限度的
MIN (minimum)最小的,最低限度
M 或MED (medium)中等,中级的
Exp=Expense花费,费用
O/H=overhead常用开支
TC=total cost总费用
FC=fixed cost常设费用
VC=variable cost变动费用
P=profit竟利润
S=sales销售总额
Rev=revenue利润
NAVY=海军
AF=AIR FORCE(空军)
ARMY=陆军
UN 联合国
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural organization)联合国教育科学文化组织(也叫国际文教组织)
WTO----world trade organization 世贸
R&B----research and development 研究开发
CAD----computer assisted design 计算机辅助设计
CTV----cable television 有线电视
PCS----program control 软件公司switches 程控电话交换沈阳软件公司机
IDD----international direct dialing 国际长途直拨
Int-tele----internet telephone 因特网电话
Mob tele----mobile telephone 移动电话
B-ISTN---- 宽带综合业务数字网
E-b----E-business 电子商务
SOE----state-owned enterprise 国有企业
FIE----foreign-invested enterprise 外资企业
FDI----foreign direct investment 外国直接投资
JV ----joint venture 合资经营
SEZ----special economic zone 经济特区
CI ----corporate image 企业形象
h.o.---head office 总部
IT-----information industry 信息产业
memo---memorial 备忘录
5yr-P-----Five-Year Plan 五年计划
telcom-----telecommunication 通讯
PRC 中华人民共和国
AD 公元
BC 公元前
WWII 第二次世界大战
GMT 格林威治标准时间
Z 表示"人"people/person,因为"Z"看上去像个人头,它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。
G 表示效率:efficient, effective。G为效率符号。
Q 表示"通货膨胀":inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。
A 表示农业: agriculture. agriculture经常用到,所以用首字母代替。
B 表示商业:business
i 表示工业: industry
C 表示政府,统治:government
P 表示政治:politics, political
⊙ 圆圈表示一个圆桌,中间一点表示一盆花,这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等
J 表示开心:pleasant, joyful,happy,excited, etc.
L 表示不满、生气unsatisfied, discomfort, angry, sad, etc.
EO 表示听到、总所周之:as we all know, as is known to all, as you have already heard of, etc.
O 表示漠不关心、无动于衷:indifferent, apathetic, unconcern, don't care much, etc
+ 表示"多": many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.
++(+2) 表示"多"的比较级:more
+3 表示"多"的最高级:most
- 表示"少": little, few, lack ,in short of/ be in shortage of etc.
× 表示"错误"、"失误"和"坏"的概念:wrong/incorrect, something bad, notorious, negative, etc.
> 表示"多于"概念,bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc.
= 表示"同等"概念:means, that is to say, in other words, the same as, be equal to, etc.
( ) 表示"在......之间":among, within, etc.
≠ 表示"不同"概念:be different from, etc.
~ 表示"大约"概念:about/around, or so, approximately, etc.
: 表示各种各样"说"的动词:say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc.
表示"问题":question, issue, 例如:台湾问题:tw?
. (dot) 这个"."点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样".d"表示yesterday, ".y"表示last year, "
∧ 表示转折
√ 表示"好的"状态,right/goodm, famous/well-known, etc.
☆ 表示"重要的"状态:important, exemplary(模范的) best, outstanding, brilliant, etc.
∥ 表示"结束":end, stop, halt, bring sth to a standstill/stop, etc.
Learning & Playing
Learning through games in the classroom helps give the students additional context for remembering lessons, especially speaking, goals of each group should be used in selecting and presenting the games.
Stick to games like “Find someone who…,” and team games like charades and Pictionary at first. These games have clear boundaries and objectives that keep hostility to a minimum while maximizing student interactions. Games with more improvisation, like role-plays, debates and ‘murder mysteries’ are riskier, so wait until you know your students well before you try one of these.
Games will help students to achieve learning goals with more fun, laughter, and ease than any workbook or lecture ever could. All it takes is a little forethought, a wide variety of games to choose from, and sensitivity to the needs and feedbacks of the students.
寓教于乐
课堂游戏有助于加深学生对于知识的感性认识,值得一提的是,将学生分成不同的小组,选择和参与游戏。
首选的游戏包括“找人”游戏和小组竞赛游戏,如猜哑谜和画图猜词。这类游戏简单明了,目标明确,较为友好,同时最大程度地促进学生互动。一些即兴游戏,如角色扮演,辩论会和“找凶手”有点风险,等足够了解学生以之后再尝试。
游戏可帮助学生寓教于乐,胜过干巴巴的书本和讲座。它所需的是一点点的事先策划,丰富多样的游戏种类,以及积极响应学生需求和反馈的态度。
Methods of Learning
Use several methods of learning to help children remember. Some students learn better with a visual approach, skimming and writing skills are excellent ways to work on English vocabulary and grammar rules while injecting some fun into the class. Others learn through auditory means, rhythmic chants, songs, and rhyming games are a lot of fun with these students. And still others need kinetic and tactile approaches, role-plays and skits can be especially helpful with them. Don't teach material in just one way. If you have a lesson about the rotation of the Earth around the sun, show students pictures, explain the concept and have one child stand in the center to act as the sun while another child turns in a circle to represent the Earth's rotation. Visual learners should take notes, auditory learners should read aloud, and kinetic learners should have hands-on experience.
学习方式
同时使用几种方式,更能增强学生的记忆力。有的学生视觉敏感,速读和写作技巧有助于提高他们的英语词汇和语法水平,同时也给课堂注入一丝活力;有的学生则是听觉敏感,唱韵律歌,玩押韵游戏能给他们带来极大的乐趣。还有的学生活泼好动,喜欢动手触摸,角色扮演和滑稽小品更适合他们。不能只会照本宣科。例如,在讲解地球围绕太阳公转时,向学生展示图片,解释概念,同时请一位学生代表太阳立定不动,而另一位代表地球,围绕太阳做圆周运动。视觉敏感的学生会记笔记,听觉敏感的学生会念念有词,运动发达的学生则摩拳擦掌,跃跃欲试。